Humans prioritize walking efficiency or walking stability based on environmental risk

by Ashwini Kulkarni, Chuyi Cui, Shirley Rietdyk, Satyajit Ambike

In human gait, the body’s mechanical energy at the end of one step is reused to achieve forward progression during the subsequent step, thereby reducing the required muscle work. During the single stance phase, humans rely on the largely uncontrolled passive inverted pendular motion of the body to perpetuate forward motion. These passive body dynamics, while improving walking efficiency, also indicate lower passive dynamic stability in the anterior direction, since the individual will be less able to withstand a forward external perturbation. Here we test the novel hypothesis that humans manipulate passive anterior-posterior (AP) stability via active selection of step length to either achieve energy-efficient gait or to improve stability when it is threatened. We computed the AP margin of stability, which quantifies the passive dynamic stability of gait, for multiple steps as healthy young adults (N = 20) walked on a clear and on an obstructed walkway. Participants used passive dynamics to achieve energy-efficient gait for all but one step; when crossing the obstacle with the leading limb, AP margin of stability was increased. This increase indicated caution to offset the greater risk of falling after a potential trip. Furthermore, AP margin of stability increased while approaching the obstacle, indicating that humans proactively manipulate the passive dynamics to meet the demands of the locomotor task. Finally, the step length and the center of mass motion co-varied to maintain the AP margin of stability for all steps in both tasks at the specific values for each step. We conclude that humans actively regulate step length to maintain specific levels of passive dynamic stability for each step during unobstructed and obstructed gait.