'Sacred Job' Iraq Kurds Digitize Books to Save Threatened Culture
Seen as the world's largest stateless people, the Kurds are an ethnic group of between 25 million and 35 million mostly spread across modern-day Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey.
In Iraq, the Kurds are a sizeable minority who have been persecuted, with thousands killed under the rule of late dictator Saddam Hussein and many of their historic documents lost or destroyed.
"Preserving the culture and history of Kurdistan is a sacred job," said Pishtiwan, perusing volumes and manuscripts from Dohuk city's public library in Iraq's northern autonomous Kurdistan region.
"We aim to digitize old books that are rare and vulnerable, so they don't vanish," the 23-year-old added, a torn memoir of a Kurdish teacher published in 1960 in hand.
In Iraq, the Kurdish language was mostly marginalized until the Kurds' autonomous region in the north won greater freedom after Saddam Hussein's defeat in the 1990-1991 Gulf War.
After the U.S.-led invasion of 2003 toppled the dictator, remaining documents were scattered among libraries and universities or held in private collections.
Once a week, Pishtiwan and his two colleagues journey in their small white van from the regional capital Irbil to other Kurdish towns and cities to find "rare and old" books.
They seek texts that offer insights into Kurdish life, spanning centuries and dialects.
In Dohuk's library, the archiving team scours the wooden bookshelves for hidden gems.
With the help of the library's manager, they carefully gather an assortment of more than 35 books of poetry, politics, language and history, written in several Kurdish dialects and some in Arabic.
Pishtiwan holds up a book of old Kurdish folk stories named after 16th-century Kurdish princess Xanzad, before gently flipping through the fragile pages of another religious volume, tracing the calligraphy with his fingers.
Back in the van, equipped with two devices connected to a screen, the small team starts the hourslong scanning process before returning the books to the library.
In the absence of an online archive, the Kurdistan Center for Arts and Culture, a nonprofit founded by the nephew of regional President Nechirvan Barzani, launched the digitization project in July.
They hope to make the texts available to the public for free on the KCAC's new website in April.
More than 950 items have been archived so far, including a collection of manuscripts from the Kurdish Baban principality in today's Sulaimaniyah region that dates back to the 1800s.
"The aim is to provide primary sources for Kurdish readers and researchers," KCAC executive director Mohammed Fatih said. "This archive will be the property of all Kurds to use and to help advance our understanding of ourselves."
Dohuk library manager Masoud Khalid gave the KCAC team access to the manuscripts and documents gathering dust on its shelves, but the team was unable to secure permission from the owners of some of the documents to digitize them immediately.
"We have books that were printed a long time ago — their owners or writers passed away — and publishing houses will not reprint them," Khalid said.
Digitizing the collection means that "if we want to open an electronic library, our books will be ready," the 55-year-old added.
Hana Kaki Hirane, imam at a mosque in the town of Hiran, unveiled a treasure to the KCAC team — several generations-old manuscripts from a religious school established in the 1700s.
Since its founding, the school has collected manuscripts, but many were destroyed during the first war pitting the Kurds against the Iraqi state between 1961 and 1970, said Hirane.
"Only 20 manuscripts remain today," including centuries-old poems, said the imam.
He is now waiting for the KCAC website launch in April to refer people to view the manuscripts.
"It is time to take them out and make them available for everyone,” he said.