The use of Kudoh method for culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium africanum in The Gambia

by Tijan Jobarteh, Jacob Otu, Ensa Gitteh, Francis S. Mendy, Tutty Isatou Faal-Jawara, Boatema Ofori-Anyinam, Binta Sarr, Abi Janet Riley, Abigail Ayorinde, Bouke C. de Jong, Beate Kampmann, Ousman Secka, Florian Gehre

Mycobacterium tuberculosis culturing remains the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis remains a great public health problem in developing countries like The Gambia, as most of the methods currently used for bacterial isolation are either time-consuming or costly.

To evaluate the Kudoh swab method in a West African setting in Gambia, with a particular focus on the method’s performance when culturing Mycobacterium africanum West Africa 2 (MAF2) isolates.

75 sputum samples were collected in the Greater Banjul Area and decontaminated in parallel with both the standard N-acetyl-L-Cysteine-NaOH (NALC-NaOH) and the Kudoh swab method in the TB diagnostics laboratory in the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia between 30^th December 2017 and 25^th February 2018. These samples were subsequently cultured on standard Löwenstein-Jensen and Modified Ogawa media respectively and incubated at 37°C for mycobacterial growth. Spoligotyping was done to determine if the decontamination and culture methods compared could equally detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum West Africa 1 and Mycobacterium africanum West Africa 2.

Among the 50 smear positives, 35 (70%) were culture-positive with Kudoh and 32 (64%) were culture positive with NALC-NaOH, whilst 7(28%) of the 25 smear negative samples were culture positive with both methods (Table 2). There was no significant difference in recovery between both methods (McNemar’s test, p-value = 0.7003), suggesting that the overall positivity rate between the two methods is comparable. There were no differences in time-to-positivity or contamination rate between the methods. However, Kudoh yielded positive cultures that were negative on LJ and vice versa. All findings were irrespective of mycobacterial lineages.

The Kudoh method has comparable sensitivity to the NALC-NaOH method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. It is easy to perform and could be an add on option for mycobacterial culture in the field in The Gambia, since it requires less biosafety equipment.