The Y chromosome is vanishing. What does it mean for men?

The Y chromosome is at risk of extinction – which may result in new species of humans.

That isn’t the plot for a dystopian sci-fi film, but genuine scientific theory.

Back in school, we were all taught that the X and Y genes determine sex. Women have a pair of X chromosomes, and men XY.

But what the teacher may not have shared is that the Y chromosome is much smaller, carrying around 55 genes compared to roughly 900 on the X.   

All embryos are technically female until around 12 weeks, when a gene on the Y chromosome kicks in and male development starts (hence why men have nipples).

However, it seems the Y chromosome wasn’t always so small – and that’s where the problem lies.

It’s shrinking – and some scientists worry it could disappear altogether.

One of them, Professor Jenny Graves, explained why, through the lens of the platypus.

‘In platypus, the XY pair is just an ordinary chromosome, with two equal members,’ she said, writing for The Conversation. ‘This suggests the mammal X and Y were an ordinary pair of chromosomes not that long ago.

‘In turn, this must mean the Y chromosome has lost 900 to 55 active genes over the 166 million years that humans and platypus have been evolving separately. That’s a loss of about five genes per million years. At this rate, the last 55 genes will be gone in 11 million years.’

Okay, so that may not sound like an imminent existential crisis, but others argue the Y chromosome’s lifespan could be between a few thousand years and infinity.

Humans are not the only species to have faced a Y chromosome crisis, however. Two branches of the rodent family have lost theirs, and are still around today.

Two species of mole vole in eastern Europe are the first, and while scientists know they have very special genes, they don’t know what determines the sex of each furry critter.

Thankfully, they have had better luck with three species of spiny rat found on several Japanese islands.

While most of the genes on the rats’ Y chromosome have been relocated elsewhere, it took some time to track down what replaced the SRY – the sex region on the Y.

But after sequencing the genome of the rats, they found a tiny difference on chromosome 3 (most get letters, not numbers) that was present in all males, and no females. Mystery solved.

So what does this mean for humans?

We know ‘virgin births’, or parthenogenesis, is never going to happen. Humans need both a female egg and male sperm to reproduce – one simply doesn’t work without the other.

That means finding species that have evolved to function without the Y chromosome is excellent news.

‘Phew!’ said Professor Graves. ‘The finding supports an alternative possibility – that humans can evolve a new sex determining gene.’

But it may still not be that simple.

‘Evolution of a new sex determining gene comes with risks,’ she said. ‘What if more than one new system evolves in different parts of the world?

‘A “war” of the sex genes could lead to the separation of new species, which is exactly what has happened with mole voles and spiny rats.

‘So, if someone visited Earth in 11 million years, they might find no humans – or several different human species, kept apart by their different sex determination systems.’

Whether this could happen in an era of globalisation and international travel remains to be seen – few human populations are truly isolated.

Then again, who knows what the world will look like in even a few thousands years, never mind millions.

But either way, it’s good to imagine that AI won’t have wiped us out by then at least.