Why does voting last six weeks in India’s general election?

India is set to begin the world’s largest general elections on Friday, held in terrain sweeping from the icy Himalayas to humid jungles, with nearly a billion people eligible to choose 543 members of the lower house of parliament.

Opinion polls suggest an easy victory for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party when the results are announced on June 4. But more than six weeks will elapse from the time the first vote is cast on April 19 until it is counted.

Here is why the exercise takes so long.

Number of days

The election cycle sprawls over 44 days, long even by India’s standards, as the 2019 vote lasted 39 days.

This year’s elections will be India’s second longest after the first exercise following independence in 1947 from colonial ruler Britain, which ran for four months from October 25, 1951 to February 21, 1952.

There are seven voting days this year, with Friday’s first phase seeing people cast ballots for 102 constituencies nationwide.

The last polling date is June 1, covering 57 seats. All votes will be counted together on June 4.

Voter numbers

The size of the country and its electorate is the chief reason why the general election takes so long.

India’s eligible voters, at 968.6 million, number more than twice the European Union’s population of 448m. The figure has grown eight per cent since the 2019 elections.

With an estimated population of more than 1.4 billion, India overtook China last year as the world’s most populous country.

Geographical spread

Some of India’s 28 states and eight federally governed territories complete voting in just one phase, but in larger states, some constituencies vote on different dates.

For example, the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, with a population of more than 230m and 80 members of parliament — more than any other state — will vote in parts in every phase.

The Election Commission manages this massive exercise by carving out smaller voting boroughs, limiting each polling station to no more than 1,500 registered voters.

That requires the watchdog to set up 1.05m polling stations this year, in locations such as government buildings and schools closest to the most voters.

They are sited in terrain ranging from icy Himalayan heights in the north to dense central Indian jungles and remote deserts in the western state of Rajasthan.

Security arrangements

Incidents of violence and vote-rigging have marred India’s election history, but there are drastically fewer instances today.

Nevertheless, to ensure the elections are free, fair and held without fear, more than 300,000 federal security personnel back up the police forces controlled by state governments.

The intervals between voting allow these personnel time to move around the country, usually by rail. They guard election officials taking voting machines to polling stations and keep the devices secure until counting day, to maintain the integrity of the elections.

Header image: A worker fixes a flag of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on a hoarding prior to the public meeting of election candidate and Minister of Education Brijmohan Agrawal in Raipur on April 15. — AFP