Mine pollution has isolated British trout — study

Researchers at the Universities of Exeter and Cardiff discovered that trout living in rivers polluted by metal from old mines across the British Isles are genetically “isolated” from other trout.

In a paper published in the journal Diversity and Distributions, the scientists explain that they analyzed brown trout at 71 sites in west Wales, northeast England, southwest England and southeast Ireland, where many rivers contain metal washed out from disused mines.

While trout in metal-polluted rivers appear healthy, they are genetically distinct—and a lack of diversity in these populations makes them vulnerable to future threats. By comparing the DNA of trout in rivers with and without metal pollution, the researchers found that metal-tolerant trout populations split from the wider species during periods of peak mining activity.

“These fish carry a high burden of metals, with toxic binding of dissolved metals to their gills causing suffocation, but trout that can tolerate this have emerged in polluted rivers,” Jamie Stevens, a professor at the University of Exeter and co-author of the study, said in a media statement. “If fish without this tolerance swim into these rivers, they must either leave or die from that exposure.”

“This means the metal-tolerant fish are genetically isolated, not exchanging genes with other trout populations. So, while these fish may be healthy where they are, the genetic diversity that allowed them to adapt to this rapid change in their environment is now lacking—leaving them more vulnerable to future changes.”

Common metal pollutants in former mining areas include lead and copper, and many fish and other species in these rivers have already been wiped out.

Metal-resistant trout

The emergence of metal-resistant trout with high genetic differentiation from neighbouring populations and reduced diversity was seen in populations inhabiting metal-polluted rivers in Cornwall, Wales and northeast England.

“This is likely the result of selection pressure—evolution driven in this case by survival, or non-survival, depending on the ability to withstand metal pollution,” said Daniel Osmond, lead author of the paper.

The study found the highest levels of genetic isolation in rivers that were both polluted with metal and affected by physical barriers such as dams and weirs. Metal pollution levels fluctuate, often rising during periods of high rainfall.

“Throughout different periods of history, these mined regions have been globally important in their industrial production of many metals. This, however, has left polluted landscapes such as West Cornwall, which is a giant honeycomb of old mines. When rain comes, these can fill with water and that can flow out into rivers,” Osmond said.

Freshwater migratory fish have declined significantly in many areas and, while trout are not considered a threatened species, the study shows trout may be more vulnerable than previously believed.

The researchers say that reducing mine water wash-out and removing physical barriers in rivers could help reduce genetic isolation.

The study used simulations of populations through time, modelling different historical evolutionary scenarios and the effects of these on the genetic diversity of populations, comparing these with the sampled populations today, to predict which evolutionary scenarios were most credible.