What Paris and other cities can teach Los Angeles about transit
Paris is about to give Los Angeles a lesson on how to efficiently transport visitors to its Olympic Games. Unfortunately, California’s slow-moving, union-dominated public sector is unlikely to learn anything from the City of Light.
Passengers arriving at Paris’ Orly Airport this summer will be able to take a new automated subway line to the city center and some of the Olympic venues. The driverless trains on Metro Line 14 are expected to arrive at stations every 105 seconds. Two other Paris Metro Lines (1 and 4) are also automated, having been upgraded in recent years.
By contrast, the LAX Automated People Mover (now scheduled for late 2025) will be driverless, but passengers will then connect to LA Metro’s K Line which requires train operators and currently operates once every ten minutes. To reach the Coliseum and downtown LA, passengers will have to switch to the E Line.
Paris is far from the only city to benefit from the cost savings and increased frequency that come with driverless train service. Singapore has two driverless metro lines and Vancouver’s SkyTrain has been fully automated since it began operation in 1985. Montreal now has a driverless train system serving five stations with another 21 expected to come online later this decade. In the United States, Honolulu has the first and only automated system that is not airport-based, but New York City’s Airtrain JFK serves two off-airport stations and encompasses over eight miles of track.
At a time when driverless cars are becoming more common, the technology needed for driverless trains seems almost trivial, since they traverse a fixed route, rarely need to back up, and often operate on dedicated, grade-separated tracks. Yet LA Metro and California transit agencies more generally do not seem interested. That is a shame because employing train operators is not cheap.
Starting in July, full-time LA Metro trains operators will earn between $25.69 and $37.93 per hour, according to their union’s latest Memorandum of Understanding. And, for much of the day, they’re not operating trains given the meal and rest breaks mandated by the state, and recovery time they receive after each run. Operators also receive pension and health benefits worth about $30,000 per year and are eligible to work overtime during which they are paid time and a half. As a result, it would be cost prohibitive for LA Metro to try matching Paris’ frequency, especially since that would involve running many trains with very few passengers.
When I asked California transit experts about driverless trains, they’ve responded that it’s a good idea but that transit unions would never accept it. Perhaps that assumption should be tested.
Building new driverless lines does not eliminate jobs, and conversions take so long (even in places that construct rail infrastructure efficiently) that agencies could shrink operator headcounts via attrition rather than layoffs.
So, automation is not necessarily a threat to unionized employees. But it is a threat to unions themselves, whose income is based on the number of dues paying members they represent.
LA Metro and other California transit agencies should put driverless operation on the negotiating table as part of future contract discussions. They should also enlist the support of the vocal and influential transit advocacy community for this technology. Transit advocates, always anxious to entice (or force) commuters out of their cars, recognize that high frequency is essential to making transit attractive. Since high frequencies cannot be achieved affordably with human operators, especially in this age of constrained budgets, driverless operation is the best way to get more passenger butts into train seats.
As for the capital costs of upgrading existing lines to driverless operation. LA Metro and other agencies could trim back some of their expansion plans and instead invest in making their existing lines more efficient.
Marc Joffe is a federalism and state policy analyst at the Cato Institute.