Glutamine vs. Glutathione: Their Relationship and Glutamate's Role

Glutathione is an antioxidant tripeptide found in nearly all eukaryotes that results from cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid [1]. It is present at the same concentration as glucose and cholesterol in most cells. Such a high level highlights its importance, especially when considering the metabolic activity required for its production. In addition, its cellular and mitochondrial levels directly correlate with health and longevity. Glutathione exists in two forms: reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG), the latter formed when two GSH molecules link through their sulfur atoms [2]. Reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), can be neutralized by GSH peroxidases, which catalyze the conversion of H₂O₂ into water (H₂O) while oxidizing GSH to GSSG. The glutathione reductase then regenerates GSH from GSSG, maintaining the redox balance in the cell [3]. The ratio between the reduced and oxidized forms determines the cell's redox status. Healthy cells have a GSH/GSSG ratio above 100...