Japan's demographic time bomb is a bad omen for the US

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Over the last five years, Japan's economy has contracted by more than two trillion dollars in GDP and 1 million people in lost population.

If the US doesn't keep investing in immigrant labor and flexible work schedules, it could be only a couple decades behind. 

Experts call situations like Japan's "demographic time bombs." They're places where fertility rates are falling at the same time that longevity is increasing. Without young people to support older generations, economies can shrink, putting even more pressure on younger generations to keep families small and budget-friendly.

Japan's case is an extreme one, says Harvard sociologist Mary Brinton. But a 2016 UBS report found the ratio of working-age people to the rest of the population in a number of industrialized countries, including the US, bears a striking resemblance to Japan's ratio in the 1990s.

"The 'Japanization' of the global economy marked by transition to low growth and low inflation has started to attract investor attention as a phenomenon in recent years, the UBS authors wrote. "There has been scarcely any nominal GDP growth over the past 20 years in the Japanese economy."

UBSThe story isn't necessarily all bad for the US in the late 2030s.

Many of Japan's challenges stem from how the country structures its labor force. People work long, grueling hours, and the country is notoriously wary of relying on immigrant labor. In Japan, the people who do the work are younger people born in Japan.

The US model, meanwhile, offers greater flexibility and shorter hours compared to the Japanese system. It also is more favorable toward immigrant work.

A tightening set of immigration policies could change that approach, however, and to great detriment for the economy. In March, the Pew Research Center predicted the US working-age population wouldn't grow unless new immigrants arrive to replace retiring Baby Boomers. These new immigrants could be the only ticket to growth in the labor force through 2035, the report found.

Unlike Japan, the US population is growing. But it's important to watch the rate at which it grows, because if it grows too slowly, the economy will still feel the effects of a lack of labor. Japan is running out of young people to care for the old, and families are feeling the hit. The US will have to rely on immigrant labor to make sure it doesn't met the same fate.

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