Scots ‘STILL divided into Dark Age kingdoms’ with families living in same areas as 1,000-year-old ancestors, major genetic probe reveals
THE DNA of Scottish people still contains signs of the country’s Dark Age kingdoms, with many Scots apparently living in the same areas as their ancestors did more than a millennium ago.
A study shows that in Shetland for example – where islanders dress up as Vikings every January for the Up Helly ‘A festival – the blood of Norsemen really does still flow in their veins.
Experts at the University of Edinburgh constructed Scotland’s first comprehensive genetic map.
It reveals that the country is divided into six main clusters of genetically similar individuals: The Borders, the south-west, the north-east, the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland.
The groupings are in similar locations to Dark Age kingdoms such as Strathclyde in the south-west, Pictland in the north-east, and Gododdin in the south-east.
The Dark Ages are widely considered to be from the end of the Roman Empire in 476 AD to around 1000 AD.
In addition to showcasing Scotland’s genetic continuity, experts believe this type of population analysis could aid the discovery of rare DNA differences that might play major roles in human disease.
The new data from Scotland means this is the first time the genetic map of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland can be seen in its entirety.
The study also revealed that some of the founders of Iceland may have originated from north-west Scotland and Ireland and that the Isle of Man is genetically predominantly Scottish.
The study looked at the genetic makeup of more than 2,500 people from Britain and Ireland – including almost 1000 from Scotland – whose grandparents or great grandparents were born within 50 miles of each other.
Researchers from the University of Edinburgh and RCSI (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland) then compared this with the DNA of people who lived thousands of years ago.
Experts found that Orkney and Shetland had the highest levels of Norwegian ancestry outside Scandinavia and that many islands within the archipelagos had their own unique genetic identity.
The islands also contained subtle, but notable genetic differences between people living only a few miles apart, with no obvious physical barriers.
Professor Jim Wilson, from the University of Edinburgh’s Usher Institute and MRC Human Genetics Unit, said: “It is remarkable how long the shadows of Scotland’s Dark Age kingdoms are, given the massive increase in movement from the industrial revolution to the modern era.
“We believe this is largely due to the majority of people marrying locally and preserving their genetic identity.”
Who were the Picts?
Here's what you need to know about the Pictish people...
- The Pictish people were a collection of tribes that lived in modern day eastern and northern Scotland during the Late Iron Age and early Medeival periods from around 270-900AD
- They were known for being ‘barbaric’ and fighting fierce battles completely naked but they may have worn paint as the Roman name for the Picts is Picti, which means ‘painted people’
- The different Pict groups eventually formed an alliance against common enemies like the Romans and the Britons
- The Picts and their ferocity were one of the reasons that even heavily armoured Romans could not conquer Scotland
- They mysteriously disappeared from written history around 900AD and some experts believe this is because they merged with southern groups
Dr Edmund Gilbert, from RCSI, added: “This work is important not only from the historical perspective, but also for helping understand the role of genetic variation in human disease. “Understanding the fine-scale genetic structure of a population helps researchers better separate disease-causing genetic variation from that which occurs naturally in the British and Irish populations, but has little or no impact on disease risk.”
The study was funded by the Medical Research Council, the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Executive and Science Foundation Ireland.
It is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
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